Introduction
One of the easiest way of increasing the responsiveness of your server and guarding against out of memory errors in your applications is to add some swap space. Swap is an area on a hard drive that has been designated as a place where the operating system can temporarily store data that it can no longer hold in RAM.
Basically, this gives you the ability to increase the amount of information that your server can keep in its working "memory", with some caveats. The space on the hard drive will be used mainly when space in RAM is no longer sufficient for data.
The information written to disk will be slower than information kept in RAM, but the operating system will prefer to keep running application data in memory and use swap for the older data. Overall, having swap space as a fall back for when your system's RAM is depleted is a good safety net.
In this guide, we'll cover how to create and enable a swap file on an Ubuntu 16.10 server.
Although swap is generally recommended for systems utilizing traditional spinning hard drives, using swap with SSDs can cause issues with hardware degradation over time. Due to this consideration, I do not recommend enabling swap on SSD storage. Doing so can impact the reliability of the underlying hardware for you and your neighbors.
Add Swap for server. Check the system for swap information first. Before we begin, we will take a look at our operating system to see if we already have some swap space available. We can have multiple swap files or swap partitions, but generally one should be enough.
We can see if the system has any configured swap by typing:
$ sudo swapon -s Filename Type Size Used Priority
If you only get back the header of the table, as I've shown above, you do not currently have any swap space enabled.
Another, more familiar way of checking for swap space is with the free utility, which shows us system memory usage. We can see our current memory and swap usage in Megabytes by typing:
$ free -m
total used free shared buff/cache available
Mem: 487 275 13 64 198 135
Swap: 0 0 0
Check Available Space on the Hard Drive Partition
The typical way of allocating space for swap is to use a separate partition devoted to the task. However, altering the partitioning scheme is not always possible. We can just as easily create a swap file that resides on an existing partition.
Before we do this, we should be aware of our current disk usage. We can get this information by typing:
$ df -h Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on udev 225M 0 225M 0% /dev tmpfs 49M 668K 49M 2% /run /dev/vda1 20G 7.6G 11.0G 62% / tmpfs 244M 0 244M 0% /dev/shm tmpfs 5.0M 0 5.0M 0% /run/lock tmpfs 244M 0 244M 0% /sys/fs/cgroup tmpfs 49M 0 49M 0% /run/user/1000
Create a Swap File
Now that we know our available hard drive space, we can go about creating a swap file within our filesystem.
We will create a file called swapfile in our root (/) directory. The file must allocate the amount of space we want for our swap file by using the fallocate program. This command creates a file of a preallocated size instantly, without actually having to write dummy contents.
We can create a 2 Gigabyte file by typing:
$ sudo fallocate -l 2G /swapfile
The prompt will be returned to you almost immediately. We can verify that the correct amount of space was reserved by typing:
$ ls -lh /swapfile -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2.0G Nov 25 08:23 /swapfile
As you can see, our file is created with the correct amount of space set aside.
Enabling the Swap File
Right now, our file is created, but our system does not know that this is supposed to be used for swap. We need to tell our system to format this file as swap and then enable it.
Before we do that though, we need to adjust the permissions on our file so that it isn't readable by anyone besides root. Allowing other users to read or write to this file would be a huge security risk. We can lock down the permissions by typing:
$ sudo chmod 600 /swapfile
Verify that the file has the correct permissions by typing:
$ ls -lh /swapfile -rw------- 1 root root 2.0G Nov 25 08:23 /swapfile
As you can see, only the columns for the root user have the read and write flags enabled.
Now that our file is more secure, we can tell our system to set up the swap space by typing:
$ sudo mkswap /swapfile Setting up swapspace version 1, size = 2097148 KiB no label, UUID=e2f1e9cf-c0a9-4ed4-b8ab-714b8a7d6944
Our file is now ready to be used as a swap space. We can enable this by typing:
$ sudo swapon /swapfile
We can verify that the procedure was successful by checking whether our system reports swap space now:
$ sudo swapon -s Filename Type Size Used Priority /swapfile file 2097148 0 -1
We have a new swap file here. We can use the free utility again to corroborate our findings:
$ free -m
total used free shared buff/cache available
Mem: 487 275 13 64 198 135
Swap: 2047 0 2047
Our swap has been set up successfully and our operating system will begin to use it as necessary.
Make the Swap File Permanent
We have our swap file enabled, but when we reboot, the server will not automatically enable the file. We can change that though by modifying the fstab file.
Edit the file with root privileges in your text editor:
$ sudo vim /etc/fstab
At the bottom of the file, you need to add a line that will tell the operating system to automatically use the file you created:
/swapfile none swap sw 0 0
Save and close the file when you are finished.
Tweak Swap Settings
There are a few options that you can configure that will have an impact on your system's performance when dealing with swap.
The swappiness parameter configures how often your system swaps data out of RAM to the swap space. This is a value between 0 and 100 that represents a percentage.
With values close to zero, the kernel will not swap data to the disk unless absolutely necessary. Remember, interactions with the swap file are "expensive" in that they take a lot longer than interactions with RAM and they can cause a significant reduction in performance. Telling the system not to rely on the swap much will generally make your system faster.
Values that are closer to 100 will try to put more data into swap in an effort to keep more RAM space free. Depending on your applications' memory profile or what you are using your server for, this might be better in some cases.
We can see the current swappiness value by typing:
$ cat /proc/sys/vm/swappiness 60
For a Desktop, a swappiness setting of 60 is not a bad value. For a VPS system, we'd probably want to move it closer to 0.
We can set the swappiness to a different value by using the sysctl command.
For instance, to set the swappiness to 10, we could type:
$ sudo sysctl vm.swappiness=10 vm.swappiness = 10
This setting will persist until the next reboot. We can set this value automatically at restart by adding the line to our /etc/sysctl.conf file:
$ sudo vim /etc/sysctl.conf
At the bottom, you can add:
vm.swappiness=10
Save and close the file when you are finished.
Another related value that you might want to modify is the vfs_cache_pressure. This setting configures how much the system will choose to cache inode and dentry information over other data.
Basically, this is access data about the filesystem. This is generally very costly to look up and very frequently requested, so it's an excellent thing for your system to cache. You can see the current value by querying the proc filesystem again:
$ cat /proc/sys/vm/vfs_cache_pressure 100
As it is currently configured, our system removes inode information from the cache too quickly. We can set this to a more conservative setting like 50 by typing:
$ sudo sysctl vm.vfs_cache_pressure=50 vm.vfs_cache_pressure = 50
Again, this is only valid for our current session. We can change that by adding it to our configuration file like we did with our swappiness setting:
$ sudo vim /etc/sysctl.conf
At the bottom, add the line that specifies your new value:
vm.vfs_cache_pressure = 50
Save and close the file when you are finished.
Change swap size
Make all swap off:
$ sudo swapoff -a
Resize the swapfile:
$ sudo dd if=/dev/zero of=/swapfile bs=1M count=1024
Make swapfile usable:
$ sudo mkswap /swapfile
Make swapon again:
$ sudo swapon /swapfile
Conclusion
Following the steps in this guide will give you some breathing room in terms of your RAM usage. Swap space is incredibly useful in avoiding some common problems.
If you are running into OOM (out of memory) errors, or if you find that your system is unable to use the applications you need, the best solution is to optimize your application configurations or upgrade your server. Configuring swap space, however, can give you more flexibility and can help buy you time on a less powerful server.
Original Link How To Add Swap on Ubuntu 14.04